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| e-Work-News September 15, 2003 (Vol. 3, Issue 8) | ||||||
In This Issue:
2. Gurus - Go Home 3. Featured Article - The 10 Most Common Myths About Copyright 4. Need A "Worm" Killer? 5. Free eBooks to Download
1. Introduction
Welcome to the September edition of e-Work-Zone's e-Work-News.
Here is a quote from an 'ad disguised as a
newsletter' I got earlier today - pushing the latest and greatest
membership site:
What's New If you are reading this, you got here either by: clicking the link in the email notice, or you got the notice on your desktop via your e-Zine Box klip, -- either way, this is the new delivery system. If you still need to get e-Zine Box, click on this little icon:
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This was true in the past, but today almost all major nations follow the Berne copyright convention. For example, in the USA, almost everything created privately after April 1, 1989 is copyrighted and protected whether it has a notice or not. It is true that a notice strengthens the protection, by warning people, and by allowing one to get more and different damages, but it is not necessary. If it looks copyrighted, you should assume it is.
It is true that small amounts of copying are not copyright infringement. Unfortunately, it is rarely possible to tell where de minimis copying ends and copyright infringement begins. Copying a small amount of a copyrighted work is infringement if what is copied is a qualitatively substantial portion of the copied work. In one case, a magazine article that used 300 words from a 200,000-word autobiography written by President Gerald Ford was found to infringe the copyright on the autobiography. Even though the copied material was only a small part of the autobiography, the copied portions were among the most powerful passages in the autobiography. Copying any part of a copyrighted work is risky. You may get away with copying a small amount but you run the risk of having to defend your use in expensive litigation. If you are copying, it is better to get permission or a license (unless fair use applies). You cannot escape liability for infringement by showing how much of the protected work you did not take.
Giving credit to the author does not insulate you from a claim of copyright infringement. You still need to get the author’s permission to use his work whether or not you give credit.
The "fair use" exemption to copyright law was created to allow things such as commentary, parody, news reporting, research and education about copyrighted works without the permission of the author. Intent, and damage to the commercial value of the work are important considerations. Are you reproducing an article from the New York Times because you needed to in order to criticize the quality of the New York Times, or because you couldn't find time to write your own story, or didn't want your readers to have to pay to log onto the online services with the story or buy a copy of the paper? The former is probably fair use, the latter probably aren't.
Fair use is almost always a short excerpt and almost always attributed. (One should not use more of the work than is necessary to make the commentary.) It should not harm the commercial value of the work (which is another reason why reproduction of the entire work is generally forbidden.)
Fair use isn't an exact doctrine, either. The court decides if the right to comment overrides the copyright on an individual basis in each case. There have been cases that go beyond the bounds of what I say above, but in general they don't apply to the typical claim of fair use. It's a risky defense to attempt.
Generally, you cannot escape liability for copyright infringement by altering or modifying the work you copy. If you copy and modify protected elements of a copyrighted work, you will be infringing the copyright owner's modification right as well as the copying right.
Just because someone publishes his or her work on the Internet doesn’t give you permission to copy it. The fact of the matter is that most works on the net are copyrighted and not public domain.
Unless your use of the copyrighted work is fair use (for a definition of "fair use" see discussion later), you need a license to copy and use the work in your Website even if you won't be charging people to view your Website.
Copying and distributing copyrighted material without permission can be copyright infringement even if you don't charge for the copied material. Making material available for others to copy can be contributory infringement.
Not true unless you had a written contract. Under the copyright law, the creator of the original expression in a work is its author. The author is also the owner of copyright unless there is a written agreement by which the author assigns the copyright to another person or entity, such as the owner of a web site. Although the general rule is that the person who creates the work is its author, an exception to the rule is a work made for hire. A work for hire is:
A work prepared by an employee within the scope of his or her employment; or a work specially ordered or commissioned in certain specified circumstances. When a work qualifies as a work made for hire, the employer or commissioning party is considered to be the author.
If an employee whose job function included designing and developing the web site created your web site, then you own the copyright to your web site. However, most web sites are created by outside consultants who under copyright law will be the owner of the copyright to the web site unless the consultant provides the web design and development services under a written agreement in which the parties acknowledge that the work is a work for hire and the author assigns to the web site owner all copyrights arising from the consultant's services.
False. Nothing is in the public domain anymore unless the owner explicitly puts it in the public domain. Explicitly, as in you have a note from the author/owner saying, "I grant this to the public domain." Those exact words or words very much like them.
Some argue that posting to Usenet implicitly grants permission to everybody to copy the posting within fairly wide bounds, and others feel that Usenet is an automatic store and forward network where all the thousands of copies made are done at the command (rather than the consent) of the poster. This is a matter of some debate, but even if the former is true it simply would suggest posters are implicitly granting permissions "for the sort of copying one might expect when one posts to Usenet" and in no case is this a placement of material into the public domain. Furthermore it is very difficult for an implicit license to supersede an explicitly stated license that the copier was aware of.
About the author: Bruce Safran is an Internationally known Attorney, with over 30 years experience. He specializes in Internet and securities law, and has helped thousands of online businesses become FTC compliant. http://www.autoweblaw.com.
Click The Pic To Get Yours 5. Free ebooks you can download The Answer To Time, Money, Traffic by Carlos Garcia.
How to solve the 3 BIGGEST problems your online business will encounter.
PDF format.
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